'persistence of vision'
Definition: Persistence of vision- "refers to the optical illusion that occurs when visual perception of an object does not cease for some time after the rays of light proceeding from it have ceased to enter the eye"
Thaumatrope
Created by an English physician named Ayrton paris in 1825.
How it works: An image is drawn on either side of a disc and that disc has a piece of string tied to either side and when the string is twisted and pulled the duck will spin. Using the theory of the persistence of vision the brain retains the an image for a short amount of time allowing us to see both sides of the disc merged into one.
Created in 1832 by a Belgian physicist named Joseph Plateau and an Austrian professor of practical geometry named Simon Stampfer."The phenakistoscope used a spinning disc attached vertically to a handle. Arrayed around the disc's center were a series of drawings showing phases of the animation, and cut through it were a series of equally spaced radial slits. The user would spin the disc and look through the moving slits at the disc's reflection in a mirror."- Juxtapoz Magazine.
Phenakistiscope in use
Zoetrope
The Zoetrope was invented in 1834 by George Horner.
A Zoetrope works by placing a strip of drawings inside a drum, when the drum is spinning you can look through the slits and the image on the strips will look as though they are moving.
Zoetrope in use
Praxinoscope
The Praxinoscope was created in 1877 by a french man named Charles-Émile Reynaud.
The Praxinoscope work in a similar way to the zoetrope, except instead of looking through slits to view the animation you would have a mirror placed in the center of the device that you would look into.
Praxinoscope in use
Kinetoscope
The Kinetoscope was invented by Thomas Edisn and William Kennedy Dickson in 1861.
This device works by passing a strip of film between a lens and a light bulb at just the right speed while a viewer looked through a "peephole" to make it appear asthough the image was moving.
Kinetoscope in use.
These developments were needed to please the fast growing audience who wanted more and more of these "animations" the dream for inventors was to show moving images on a much larger scale, hence the cinema.
Part 2.
Part 3.
Jackboots On Whitehall is a stop motion feature film that used action figures to tell a ww2 story. It is aimed mostly at adults, given its humor and language but was apparently fairly popular with teenagers as well.
Kubo and the Two Strings is a film aimed at children, it has friendly language, no gory effects and tells a heroic tale about a young boy who becomes a hero with some help from strange friends.
This Xbox advert was aimed at around twelve year old children (judging by the games) the stop motion allows them to create detailed shapes much easier and with more freedom because we don't see the actual progress.
This ad for ebay is aimed at people over 18 because supposedly you must be 18 or over to use the site. The ad uses both drawn and real life objects to show what ebay offers.
This music video uses stop motion animation to show what this lady does in her everyday life but uses only her bed. There is no target audience for this video because music doesn't have an age range (some exceptions).
This video uses stop motion and standard filming techniques and mixes them to tell a story about a boy in love with a girl from a parallel world. Once again, there is no target audience because it's a music video.
This is an E4 Esting it is aimed at people in education because of its school setting, it uses drawn animation to gives us a short sketch of a bored student.
This Esting uses animation to show us the water cycle but also uses it to create small creatures like snakes and fish that transform into other objects.
Conclusion.
Overall I believe that animation was created to push the limits of video entertainment, animation could push any limit, it can make pigs fly and men as fast as cars, eventually it developed and was used to help live action films to break those walls as well but animation is still and in my opinion always will be a great way to entertain people, and I believe that it was made for people who liked the idea of pushing those limits, like children or imaginative adults or just anyone who dreamed of flying their dog into a giant talking face.... Animation is for people who like to laugh when watching it.
I believe that stop motion will always be a part of the media industry in one way or another, they are currently making a stop motion animated computer game called cupheads, the developers want that 1930's cartoon feel because people will enjoy it, some classic and great films will never be remade as good as their original stop motion versions and although people have many other animation methods and they do push stop motion to the side a lot, I believe that there will always be that one off game or film that is loved because it uses this style.
Sources:
https://www.youtube.com/?hl=en-GB&gl=GB
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
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